Prevalence of gestational diabetes in some selected slums of Dhaka city
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Submitted
November 30, 2020
Published
November 30, 2020
Keywords:
-
Gestational diabetes mellitus, age, obstetric history, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Aims: The present study descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted to explore the prevalence of Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in some selected slums of Dhaka city with a sample size of 236. The study population was pregnant women in Dhaka city, their socio-demographic characterist, the family and obstetric history (current and previous) related variable of the respondents and assess the clinical test related variable. Study design: The study population were pregnant women in Dhaka city. Non-randomized, purposive sampling technique was followed for this study. A semi structured, pre-tested, modified and interviewer administered questionnaire was used to collect the data.
Place and duration of study: Pregnant mother in 14 number outfall slum in Dhaka city. The study period was four months started from February 2017 to May 2017.
Results: It was found that, the majority of the respondents (56.8%) were in the age group 16-25 years followed by 38.6%, 2.1% and 2.5% were in age group 26-35 years,<15 years and >35 years respectively with mean age 23.74 ± 5.644 years. Most of the respondents (78%) were Muslim. Among the respondents 53% had primary education, 12% had SSC, 4% HSC, 3% had education of graduate and above, 28% respondents were illiterate. Among the respondents, 78.8% were housewife, 7.6% and 3.8% were engaged in service and business and rest 9.8% were day laborer. Out of 236 respondents, 22.5% had diabetes in their family and 14% respondents had previous history of GDM. Among them 72.9% had normal delivery while, 27.1% had caesarean section. Study also revealed that of the bad obstetric history (BOH) 25.8% had miscarriage, 3.0% still birth, 6.8% preterm baby and 3.4% Intra Uterine Death (IUD). Study also showed that 9.3% of the respondents had GDM, and 13.1% of the respondents had hypertension, 61.9% anemia, 8.1% jaundice, 20.3% edema, 35.6% had frequent urination.
Conclusion: There was an association of age with Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) level which was statistically significant with P value< 0.014. As GDM is a medical problem and sometimes threatened the life of the mother and baby.
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References
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28. WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in women aged 2039 years. World Health Stat 1992; 45: 321327.
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31. Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Wein R, Lee D. Race/ethnicity and other risk factors for gestational diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135(9):965-73.
32. Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 62(2):131-37.
33. Chan LY, Wong SF, Ho LC. Diabetic family history is an isolated risk factor for gestational diabetes after 30 years of age. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81(2):115-17.
34. Davey RX, Hamblin PS. Selective versus universal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: an evaluation of predictive risk factors. Med J Aust 2001; 174(3):118-21.
35. Toms GC, Fairbank J, Day SL, Fisher M, Beedham T, Monson JP. Outcome of gestational diabetes in Bengali Asians living in an east London health district. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992; 18(1):55-60.
36. Begum S, Huda SN, Musarrat N, Ahmed S, Banu LA, Ali SM. Nutritional status and birth outcomes of the diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2002; 28(3):97-103.
37. Nasrat AA, Augensen K, Abushal M, Shalhoub JT. The outcome of pregnancy following untreated impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994; 47(1):1-6.
38. Ramtoola S, Home P, Damry H, Husnoo A, Ah-Kion S. Gestational impaired glucose tolerance does not increase perinatal mortality in a developing country: cohort study. BMJ 2001; 322(7293):1025-26.
39. Moses RG, Calvert D. Pregnancy outcomes in women without gestational diabetes mellitus related to the maternal glucose level. Is there a continuum of risk? Diabetes Care 1995; 18(12):1527-33.
40. Dunne FP, Brydon PA, Proffitt M, Smith T, Gee H, Holder RL. Fetal and maternal outcomes in Indo-Asian compared to caucasian women with diabetes in pregnancy. QJM 2000; 93(12):813-18.
41. Dornhorst A, Nicholls JS, Welch A, Ali K, Chan SP, Beard RW. Correcting for ethnicity when defining large for gestational age infants in diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med 1996; 13(3):226-31.
42. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(24):2477-86.
43. Szilagyi A, Feledi E, Csaba I, Pejtsik B. Early screening of gestational diabetes in high risk pregnancy cases. Orv Hetil 1989; 130(16):839-42.
44. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Clementina M, Sasikala R, Vijay V. Foetal outcome in gestational diabetes in south Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998; 41(3):185-89.
45. Rizvi JH, Rasul S, Malik S, Rehamatuallh A, Khan MA. Experience with screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy: maternal and perinatal outcome. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 18(2):99-105.
46. Khan KS, Hashmi FA, Rizvi JH. Are non-diabetic women with abnormal glucose screening test at increased risk of pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and caesarian birth? J Pak Med Assoc 1995; 45(7):176-79.
47. Ahkter J, Qureshi R, Rahim F, Moosvi S, Rehman A, Jabbar A et al. Diabetes in pregnancy in Pakistani women: prevalence and complications in an indigenous south Asian community. Diabet Med 1996; 13(2):189-91.
48. Vangen S, Stoltenberg C, Holan S, Moe N, Magnus P, Harris JR et al. Outcome of pregnancy among immigrant women with diabetes. Diabetes Care2003; 26(2):327-32.
49. Coustan DR. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes. What are our objectives? Diabetes 1991; 40(2):14-17. Available on https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/.../RuhinaxTasminxBiswas.pdf?Accessed on February, 2015.
50. Khan, R., Ali, K, and Zakkia Khan. Socio-demographic risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus. A Pakistan journal of medical seience. Available onwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Accessed on February, 2015.
51. Akter, S. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus and its prevalence in Bangladesh. Available on www.researchgate.net/.../259472962.Accessed on February, 2015.
52. Akwilina W. Mwanri, Joyce Kinabo, Kaushik Ramaiya, Edith J.M. Feskens. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban and rural Tanzania.Available on www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367971Accessed on February, 2015.
53. Hussain, Z., Yusoff, Z.M., Sulaiman, S. Z. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Pilot study on patient's related aspects. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2014 – Medknow.
54. Seshiah V, Sahay BK, Das AK, Balaji V, Siddharth Shah, Samar Banerjee, A Muruganathan, Vitull K Gupta, Navneet Magon Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Indian Guidelines (Chapter 44).
55. Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, et al. Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104(Suppl 1):S35- 8
56. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus experience in BSMMU-Bangladesh by Muhammad Abul Hasanat at 12th European Diabetes Congress, September 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany.
57. Rashid FB, Khatoon H, Hasnat MA, Amin R, Azad AK. Perinatal Complications in Diabetes Mellitus with Pregnancy: Comparison between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Diabetes Mellitus Prior to Pregnency. Mymensingh Med J. 2017 Jan;26(1):124-130.
2. Sayeed MA, Mahtab H, Khanam PA, Begum R, Banu A, Azad Khan AK. Diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy in a rural community of Bangladesh: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2005; 22(9):1267-71.
3. Making Pregnancy Safer, Family and Community Health, World Health Organization, Bnagladesh, Available at http://www.whoban.org/familycomhealth.html Accessed on January, 2015.
4. Ben Haroush A, Yogev Y, Hod M. Epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus and its association with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2004; 21(2):103-13.
5. International diabetic foundation,Diabetic Atlas,second edition. Available athttp://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/es/prologo2000-idf.org Accessed on April, 2015.
6. The World Bank in Bangladesh, Country brief, July 2005. Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTBANGLADESH/Resources/BD06.pdf.Accessed on February, 2015.
7. World Health Organization Statistics, 2005. Part 1.
8. Nutrition, Health and Nutrition, UNICEF Bangladesh. Available at http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/healthnutrition406.htm.Accessed on January, 2015.
9. NATIONAL POLICY ON MATERNAL HEALTH. Ministry of Health, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh .Available at http://www.bangladeshgateway.org/meternalhealth.php?PHPSESSID=c2859da4f1c8b5579991766219fd2c06. Accessed on March, 2015.
10. Health Profile of Bangladesh, World Health Organization, Bangladesh. Available athttp://www.whoban.org/countryhealthprofile.html, Accessed on March, 2015.
11. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 1998; 21(9):1414-31.
12. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15(7):539- 53.
13. Global Burden of diabetes, Press Release WHO /63,14 September 1998. Available at http://www.who.int/inf-pr-1998/en/pr98-63.html Accessed on February, 2015.
14. Hussain A, Rahim MA, Azad Khan AK, Ali SM, Vaaler S. Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Diabet Med 2005; 22(7):931-36.
15. Abu SM, Ali L, Hussain MZ, Rumi MA, Banu A, Azad Khan AK. Effect of socioeconomic risk factors on the difference in prevalence of diabetes between rural and urban populations in Bangladesh. Diabetes Care 1997; 20(4):551- 55.
16. Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. Gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest 2005; 115(3):485-91.
17. Ahmed S, Khanum PA, Islam A. Maternal morbidity in rural Bangladesh: where do women go for care? [WP113,1998] Available athttp://www.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp.Accessed on April, 2015.
18. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh 2000. Ed; Singha AC,Statistical Division, Ministry of Planning, Government Of The People's Republic Of Bangladesh.
19. Low Birth Weight of a Meeting, Dhaka, Bangladesh,14-17June 1999.United nation Administrative Committee On Coordination, Sub Committee on Nutrition, Nutrition Policy Paper No.18 February2000 (page 7) . Available at http://www.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/NPP/npp18lbw.pdf. Accessed on February, 2015(Page no. 7 of 56).
20. Begum MR, Begum A, Quadir E, Akhter S, Shamsuddin L. Eclampsia: still a problem in Bangladesh. MedGenMed 2004; 6(4):52.
21. Meyer WJ, Carbone J, Gauthier DW, Gottmann DA. Early gestational glucose screening and gestational diabetes. J Reprod Med 1996; 41(9):675-79.
22. Banerjee S, Ghosh US, Banerjee D. Effect of tight glycaemic control on fetal complications in diabetic pregnancies. J Assoc Physicians India 2004; 52:109-13.
23. Verhaeghe J, Gestational diabetes mellitus: pathophisiology, screening and diagnosis, and management. Diabetes and Pregnancy. European Practice in Gynecology and Obstetrics .2004.Page (15-27).
24. Fuchtenbusch M, Ferber K, Standl E, Ziegler AG. Prediction of type 1 diabetes postpartum in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus by combined islet cell autoantibody screening: a prospective multicenter study. Diabetes 1997; 46(9):1459-67.
25. Haig D. Genetic conflicts in human pregnancy. Q Rev Biol 1993; 68(4):495- 532.
26. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Gestational Diabetes, Practice Bulletin no. 30. 2001.
27. Coustan DR. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes. What are our objectives? Diabetes 1991; 40 (2):14-17.
28. WHO Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group. Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in women aged 2039 years. World Health Stat 1992; 45: 321327.
29. Beischer NA, Oats JN, Henry OA, Sheedy MT, Walstab JE. Incidence and severity of gestational diabetes mellitus according to country of birth in women living in Australia. Diabetes 1991; 40 (2):35-38.
30. Jervell J .An Update on Diabetes Including HbA1c and microalbumin. August 2000, First edition.
31. Berkowitz GS, Lapinski RH, Wein R, Lee D. Race/ethnicity and other risk factors for gestational diabetes. Am J Epidemiol 1992; 135(9):965-73.
32. Di Cianni G, Volpe L, Lencioni C, Miccoli R, Cuccuru I, Ghio A et al. Prevalence and risk factors for gestational diabetes assessed by universal screening. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003; 62(2):131-37.
33. Chan LY, Wong SF, Ho LC. Diabetic family history is an isolated risk factor for gestational diabetes after 30 years of age. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2002; 81(2):115-17.
34. Davey RX, Hamblin PS. Selective versus universal screening for gestational diabetes mellitus: an evaluation of predictive risk factors. Med J Aust 2001; 174(3):118-21.
35. Toms GC, Fairbank J, Day SL, Fisher M, Beedham T, Monson JP. Outcome of gestational diabetes in Bengali Asians living in an east London health district. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992; 18(1):55-60.
36. Begum S, Huda SN, Musarrat N, Ahmed S, Banu LA, Ali SM. Nutritional status and birth outcomes of the diabetic and non-diabetic pregnant women. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2002; 28(3):97-103.
37. Nasrat AA, Augensen K, Abushal M, Shalhoub JT. The outcome of pregnancy following untreated impaired glucose tolerance. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1994; 47(1):1-6.
38. Ramtoola S, Home P, Damry H, Husnoo A, Ah-Kion S. Gestational impaired glucose tolerance does not increase perinatal mortality in a developing country: cohort study. BMJ 2001; 322(7293):1025-26.
39. Moses RG, Calvert D. Pregnancy outcomes in women without gestational diabetes mellitus related to the maternal glucose level. Is there a continuum of risk? Diabetes Care 1995; 18(12):1527-33.
40. Dunne FP, Brydon PA, Proffitt M, Smith T, Gee H, Holder RL. Fetal and maternal outcomes in Indo-Asian compared to caucasian women with diabetes in pregnancy. QJM 2000; 93(12):813-18.
41. Dornhorst A, Nicholls JS, Welch A, Ali K, Chan SP, Beard RW. Correcting for ethnicity when defining large for gestational age infants in diabetic pregnancies. Diabet Med 1996; 13(3):226-31.
42. Crowther CA, Hiller JE, Moss JR, McPhee AJ, Jeffries WS, Robinson JS. Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(24):2477-86.
43. Szilagyi A, Feledi E, Csaba I, Pejtsik B. Early screening of gestational diabetes in high risk pregnancy cases. Orv Hetil 1989; 130(16):839-42.
44. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Clementina M, Sasikala R, Vijay V. Foetal outcome in gestational diabetes in south Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1998; 41(3):185-89.
45. Rizvi JH, Rasul S, Malik S, Rehamatuallh A, Khan MA. Experience with screening for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnancy: maternal and perinatal outcome. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 18(2):99-105.
46. Khan KS, Hashmi FA, Rizvi JH. Are non-diabetic women with abnormal glucose screening test at increased risk of pre-eclampsia, macrosomia and caesarian birth? J Pak Med Assoc 1995; 45(7):176-79.
47. Ahkter J, Qureshi R, Rahim F, Moosvi S, Rehman A, Jabbar A et al. Diabetes in pregnancy in Pakistani women: prevalence and complications in an indigenous south Asian community. Diabet Med 1996; 13(2):189-91.
48. Vangen S, Stoltenberg C, Holan S, Moe N, Magnus P, Harris JR et al. Outcome of pregnancy among immigrant women with diabetes. Diabetes Care2003; 26(2):327-32.
49. Coustan DR. Diagnosis of gestational diabetes. What are our objectives? Diabetes 1991; 40(2):14-17. Available on https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/.../RuhinaxTasminxBiswas.pdf?Accessed on February, 2015.
50. Khan, R., Ali, K, and Zakkia Khan. Socio-demographic risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus. A Pakistan journal of medical seience. Available onwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.Accessed on February, 2015.
51. Akter, S. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus and its prevalence in Bangladesh. Available on www.researchgate.net/.../259472962.Accessed on February, 2015.
52. Akwilina W. Mwanri, Joyce Kinabo, Kaushik Ramaiya, Edith J.M. Feskens. Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus in urban and rural Tanzania.Available on www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24367971Accessed on February, 2015.
53. Hussain, Z., Yusoff, Z.M., Sulaiman, S. Z. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Pilot study on patient's related aspects. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 2014 – Medknow.
54. Seshiah V, Sahay BK, Das AK, Balaji V, Siddharth Shah, Samar Banerjee, A Muruganathan, Vitull K Gupta, Navneet Magon Diagnosis and Management of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Indian Guidelines (Chapter 44).
55. Seshiah V, Balaji V, Balaji MS, et al. Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104(Suppl 1):S35- 8
56. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus experience in BSMMU-Bangladesh by Muhammad Abul Hasanat at 12th European Diabetes Congress, September 15-17, 2016 Berlin, Germany.
57. Rashid FB, Khatoon H, Hasnat MA, Amin R, Azad AK. Perinatal Complications in Diabetes Mellitus with Pregnancy: Comparison between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and Diabetes Mellitus Prior to Pregnency. Mymensingh Med J. 2017 Jan;26(1):124-130.
Authors
Islam , F. U. ., & Khanum, H. (2020). Prevalence of gestational diabetes in some selected slums of Dhaka city. Journal of Medical Care Research and Review, 3(11). https://doi.org/10.15520/mcrr.v3i11.155
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