Evaluation of Mental Foramen Location – A Review Article
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Submitted
June 30, 2020
Published
July 1, 2020
Keywords:
-
Mental foramen, Mental nerve, Mandible, Mental artery, Mandibular canal, Inferior alveolar canal.
Abstract
Abstract: One of the most vital anatomical structure within the mandible is the mental foramen. The significance of this structure come since it is the anatomical opening of mandibular canal on the mandible bilaterally. The neuro-vascular complex leaving from the foramen has a critical and important role and giving supply to the skin and muscles of the chin, lower lip, the associated gingiva and mucosa following to the lower premolars. Subsequently, the location knowledge of the mental foramen considers an awfully significant for dental specialists to dodge harming this imperative structure via the dental working on this region, as in dental anaesthesia, dental surgery, dental anaesthesia and root canal treatment.
The aim of study: The point of the think about: To assess the site of the mental foramen in relative to the mandibular premolars, depended on the panoramic and CBCT and O.P.G images.
Materials and Methods: The current study involved the previous articles published from 1997 till 2019, with respect to the site of mental foramen in elderly and adult patients, in any case of the gender. All these studies were used on either the panoramic and cone-beam computed tomographic images for visualizing the site of the mental foramen.
Results: Regarding the outcomes of the previous studies included in this review, the statistics appeared that the first common area of mental foramen was beneath the apices of lower second premolars in the percentage of 49.99%, the other second common area of mental foramen was between the apices of the lower first and second premolars in the percentage of 42.30%.
Conclusion: The mental foramen was mostly found beneath the apices of lower first and second premolars and then between the apices of the lower first and second premolars.
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References
1. Montagu MF. The direction and position of the mental foramen in the great apes and man. Am.J.Phys.Anthropol. 1954 Dec;12(4):503-518.
2. De Freitas V, Madeira MC, Pinto CT, Zorzetto NL. Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles. Aust.Dent.J. 1976 Aug;21(4):338-340.
3. Kim IS, Kim SG, Kim YK, Kim JD. Position of the mental foramen in a Korean population: a clinical and radiographic study. Implant Dent. 2006 Dec;15(4):404-11.
4. Rueda S, Gil JA, Pichery R, Alcañiz M. Automatic segmentation of jaw tissues in CT using active appearance models and semi-automatic landmarking. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2006;9(Pt 1):167-74.
5. Greenstein, G., Tarnow, D., 2006. The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: a literature review. J. Periodontol. 77 (12), 1933–1943.
6. Ritter, L., Neugebauer, J., Mischkowski, R.A., Dreiseidler, T., Rothamel, D., Richter, U., Zinser, M.J., Zo¨ ller, J.E., 2012.Evaluation of the course of the inferior alveolar nerve in the mental foramen by cone beam computed tomography. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27 (5).
7. Neiva RF, Gapski R, Wang HL. Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls. J Periodontol. 2004 Aug;75(8):1061-1067.
8. Apinhasmit W, Chompoopong S, Methathrathip D, Sansuk R, Phetphunphiphat W. Supraorbital Notch/Foramen, Infraorbital Foramen and Mental Foramen in Thais: anthropometric measurements and surgical relevance. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006 May;89(5):675-82.
9. Gershenson A, Nathan H, Luchansky E. Mental foramen and mental nerve: changes with age. Acta Anat (Basel). 1986;126(1):21-8.
10. Philips, J.L., Weller, R.N., Kulild, J.C., 1992. The mental foramen: Part II. Radiographic position in relation to the mandibular second premolar. J. Endodontics 18 (6), 271–274.
11. Shankland 2nd, W.E., 1994. The position of the mental foramen in Asian Indians. J. Oral Implantol. 20 (2), 118–123.
12. Fabian, F.M., 2007. Position, shape and direction of opening of the mental foramen in dry mandibles of Tanzanian adult black males. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 112 (3), 169–177.
13. Al Jasser, N.M., Nwoku, A.L., 1998. Radiographic study of the mental foramen in a selected Saudi population. Dentomaxillo. Radiol. 27 (6), 341–343.
14. Igbigbi, P.S., Lebona, S., 2005. The position and dimensions of the mental foramen in adult Malawian mandibles. West Afr. J. Med.24 (3), 184–189.
15. Aminoshariae, A., Su, A., Kulild, J.C., 2014. Determination of the location of the mental foramen: a critical review. J. Endodontics 40 (4), 471–475.
16. Bou Serhal C, Jacobs R, Flygare L, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. Perioperative validation of localisation of the mental foramen. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31(1):39–43.
17. Vujanovic-Eskenazi, A., Valero-James, J.M., Sa´ nchez-Garce´ s, M.A., Gay-Escoda, C., 2015. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of the anterior loop of the mental nerve: comparison between panoramic radiography and cone beam computerized tomography. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 20 (2), e239.
18. Lipski M, Tomaszewska IM, Lipska W et al. The mandible and its foramen: anatomy, anthropology, embryology and resulting clinical implications. Folia. Morphol. (Wartsz). 72, 285-292 (2013).
19. Hasan T. Characteristics of the mental foramen in different populations. The. Internet. Journal. of. Biological. Anthropology. 4, 1-7 (2010).
20. Ngeow WC, Yuzawati Y. The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population. J. Oral. Sci. 45, 171-175 (2003).
21. Parnami P, Gupta D, Arora V, et al. Assessment of the horizontal and vertical position of mental foramen in indian population in terms of age and sex in dentate subjects by panoramic radiographs: a retrospective study with review of literature. Open. Dent. J. 9, 297-302. (2015).
22. Muhsen SJ. Horizontal and vertical position of the mental foramen on panoramic views of a selected Iraqi population. Journal. of. Baghdad. college. of. dentistry. 23, 69-72 (2011).
23. Fishel D, Buchner A, Hershkowith A, Kaffe I. Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 May;41(5):682-6.
24. Mwaniki DL, Hassanali J (1992) The position of mandibular and mental foramina in Kenyan African mandibles. East Afr Med J 69: 210-213.
25. Kekere-Ekun TA (1989) Antero-posterior location of the mental foramen in Nigerians. Afr Dent J 3: 2-8.
26. Ilayperuma I, Nanayakkara G, Palahepitiya N (2009) Morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in adult Sri Lankan mandibles. Int J Morphol 27: 1019-1024.
27. Santini A, Land M (1990) A comparison of the position of the mental foramen in Chinese and British mandibles. Acta Anat (Basel) 137: 208-212.
28. Wang TM, Shih C, Liu JC, Kuo KJ (1986) A clinical and anatomical study of the location of the mental foramen in adult Chinese mandibles. Acta Anat (Basel) 126: 29-33.
29. Kqiku L, Sivic E, Weiglein A, Städtler P. Position of the mental foramen: an anatomical study. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2011 May;161(9-10):272-3.
30. Pria CM, Masood F, Beckerley JM, Carson RE. Study of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen on digital panoramic images. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 July-Aug;12(4):265-71.
31. Gada SK, Nagda SJ. Assessment of position and bilateral symmetry of occurrence of mental foramen in dentate asian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Feb;8(2):203-5.
32. Von Arx T, Friedli M, Sendi P, Lozanoff S, Bornstein MM. Location and dimensions of the mental foramen: a radiographic analysis by using cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013 Dec;39(12):1522-8.
33. Kalender A, Orhan K, Aksoy U. Evaluation of the mental foramen and accessory mental foramen in Turkish patients using cone-beam computed tomography images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program. Clin Anat. 2012 July;25(5):584-92.
34. Gungor K, Ozturk M, Semiz M, Brooks SL. A radiographic study of location of mental foramen in a selected Turkish population on panoramic radiograph. Coll Anthropol. 2006;30:801-5.
35. Green RM (1987) The position of the mental foramen: a comparison between the southern (Hong Kong) Chinese and other ethnic and racial groups. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 63: 287-290
36. Renaud S, Auffray JC, de la Porte S. Epigenetic effects on the mouse mandible: common features and discrepancies in remodeling due to muscular dystrophy and response to food consistency. BMC. Evol. Biol. 10, 28. (2010).
37. Yeşilyurt H, Aydinlioglu A, Kavakli A, et al. Local differences in the position of the mental foramen. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2008;67(1):32–35.
38. Siddiqui AU, Daimi SR, Mishra PP, et al. Morphological and morphometric analysis of mental foramen utilizing various assessment parameters in dry human mandibles. Int. J. Stud. Res. 1, 19-22 (2011).
39. Ikiz T, Erem. Relation of the mental foramen to teeth on the mandibles belonging to the Byzantium period. International journal of anthropology.1997;12 :1-4.
40. Mbajiorgu EF, Mawera G, Asala SA, Zivanovic S. Position of the mental foramen in adult black Zimbabwean mandibles: a clinical anatomical study. Cent Afr J Med.1998 ;44:24-30.
41. Taiseer AK,Abed AH, Hamasha KTA. Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population.Surgical and radiologic anatomy.2007;29(3): 231-237.
42. Oliveria J E M,. Arajo, A. L. D, SilvaC. M. F,Sousa R C F, Lima FJC. Morphologicaland morphometric study of the mental foramen on the M-CP-18 jiachenjiang point. Int. J. Morphol. 2009; 27(1):231-238.
43. Luay N. Kaka, Amal R S. Mohammed, Fatin Kh. Abbas. Estimation of the position of mental foramen and its relation to lower premolars and base border of the mandible during aging. J Bagh College Dentistry.2010;22(3):65-68.
44. S.A. Adejuwon, Femi- Akinlosotu, M. Omowunmi and O.T. Salawu, 2012. Variations in the Mandibular Foramina of Yoruba Ethnic Group of Nigeria. Journal of Medical Sciences, 12: 188-192.
45. Sekerci AE, Sahman H, Sisman Y, Aksu Y. Morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in a Turkish population based on multi-slice computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2013;1:2-7.
46. Zhang L, Zheng Q, Zhou X, Lu Y, Huang D (2015) Anatomic Relationship between Mental Foramen and Peripheral Structures Observed By Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Anat Physiol 5: 182.
47. Medha Babshet, Sandeep R, Krishna Burde, and Kirty Nandimath, “Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen and Its Correlation with Age in Selected Indian Population, Using Digital Panoramic Radiograph.” International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, vol. 3, no. 4 (2015): 87-91.
48. Saito, Kunihiro, Araújo, Ney Soares de, Saito, Miki Taketomi, Pinheiro, João de Jesus Viana, & Carvalho, Pedro Luiz de. (2015). Analysis of the mental foramen using cone beam computerized tomography. Revista de Odontologia da UNESP, 44(4), 226-231.
49. Soheilifar S, Bidgoli M, Shokri A, Faradmal J, Kafilzadeh S, Eyvazi P, et al. Panoramic radiographic study of mandibular canal and mental foramen in a selected Iranian population. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2016;7:209-13.
50. Currie CC, Meechan JG, Whitworth JM, Carr A, Corbett IP. Determination of the mental foramen position in dental radiographs in 18-30 year olds. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2016;45(1):20150195.
51. Srivastava S, Patil RK, Tripathi A, Khanna V, Sharna P (2017) Evaluation of Mental Foramen in U. P. Population- A CBCT Study. J Otolaryngol ENT Res 8(4): 00253.
52.. Al-Mahalawy H, Al-Aithan H, Al-Kari B, Al-Jandan B, Shujaat S. Determination of the position of mental foramen and frequency of anterior loop in Saudi population. A retrospective CBCT study. Saudi Dent J. 2017;29(1):29–35.
53. SL Kabak, NV Zhuravleva, YM Melnichenko, N Alex. Topography of mental foramen in a selected Belarusian population according to cone beam computed tomography. Imaging in Medicine 9 (3), 49-58
54. Jelena Popović, Marija Daković Bjelaković, Jovanka Gašić, Milan Spasić, Marija Nikolić, Radomir Barac. The mental foramen position in relation to the radiographic apex of the mandibular second premolar. Rad. Applic., 2017, 2, 1, 26–30
55. Pasquali, J. G., Narazaki, N. D., Franco, A., Vieira, I., Fernandes, Â., & de Lima, A. A. Assessing the Radiographic Position of the Mental Forament in a Brazillian Population. J Dent Indones. 2017;24(1): 19-22.
56. Muhannad Abdulrhman Mohammed Halwani, Majed Abdullah Ibn Muteq. Radiographic localization of the mental foramen position in King Khalid University dental clinics patients in Abha-Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2017; 1(2): 41-45.
57.Bhagat J, Shah D, Fernandes G. Prevalence of the Mental Foramen Location in an Indian Subpopulation: A Retrospective Orthopantomogram Study. Int J Oral Care Res.2018;6(2):89-92.
58. ALRahabi, M. & Zafar, M. Anatomical variations of mental foramen: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Int. J. Morphol.,36(3):1124-1129, 2018.
59. Ewa Zmyslowska-Polakowska, Mateusz Radwanski, Slawomir Ledzion, Michal Leski, Agnieszka Zmyslowska , and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska. Evaluation of size and location of a mental foramen in the polish population using cone-beam computed tomography. BioMed Research International.2019;p1-8.
60. Khalid M, Manzoor F, Rashid A, Salman S, Khawaja SH Ahmed A. Radiological locations of mental foramen in local population. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2019; 15(3): 114-118.
61. Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part II: Mandibular Incisive Canal, Mental Foramen and Associated Neurovascular Bundles in Relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2010 (Jan-Mar);1(1):e3
62. Fishel D, Buchner A, Hershkowith A, Kaffe I. Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 May;41(5):682-6.
2. De Freitas V, Madeira MC, Pinto CT, Zorzetto NL. Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles. Aust.Dent.J. 1976 Aug;21(4):338-340.
3. Kim IS, Kim SG, Kim YK, Kim JD. Position of the mental foramen in a Korean population: a clinical and radiographic study. Implant Dent. 2006 Dec;15(4):404-11.
4. Rueda S, Gil JA, Pichery R, Alcañiz M. Automatic segmentation of jaw tissues in CT using active appearance models and semi-automatic landmarking. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2006;9(Pt 1):167-74.
5. Greenstein, G., Tarnow, D., 2006. The mental foramen and nerve: clinical and anatomical factors related to dental implant placement: a literature review. J. Periodontol. 77 (12), 1933–1943.
6. Ritter, L., Neugebauer, J., Mischkowski, R.A., Dreiseidler, T., Rothamel, D., Richter, U., Zinser, M.J., Zo¨ ller, J.E., 2012.Evaluation of the course of the inferior alveolar nerve in the mental foramen by cone beam computed tomography. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants 27 (5).
7. Neiva RF, Gapski R, Wang HL. Morphometric analysis of implant-related anatomy in Caucasian skulls. J Periodontol. 2004 Aug;75(8):1061-1067.
8. Apinhasmit W, Chompoopong S, Methathrathip D, Sansuk R, Phetphunphiphat W. Supraorbital Notch/Foramen, Infraorbital Foramen and Mental Foramen in Thais: anthropometric measurements and surgical relevance. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006 May;89(5):675-82.
9. Gershenson A, Nathan H, Luchansky E. Mental foramen and mental nerve: changes with age. Acta Anat (Basel). 1986;126(1):21-8.
10. Philips, J.L., Weller, R.N., Kulild, J.C., 1992. The mental foramen: Part II. Radiographic position in relation to the mandibular second premolar. J. Endodontics 18 (6), 271–274.
11. Shankland 2nd, W.E., 1994. The position of the mental foramen in Asian Indians. J. Oral Implantol. 20 (2), 118–123.
12. Fabian, F.M., 2007. Position, shape and direction of opening of the mental foramen in dry mandibles of Tanzanian adult black males. Ital. J. Anat. Embryol. 112 (3), 169–177.
13. Al Jasser, N.M., Nwoku, A.L., 1998. Radiographic study of the mental foramen in a selected Saudi population. Dentomaxillo. Radiol. 27 (6), 341–343.
14. Igbigbi, P.S., Lebona, S., 2005. The position and dimensions of the mental foramen in adult Malawian mandibles. West Afr. J. Med.24 (3), 184–189.
15. Aminoshariae, A., Su, A., Kulild, J.C., 2014. Determination of the location of the mental foramen: a critical review. J. Endodontics 40 (4), 471–475.
16. Bou Serhal C, Jacobs R, Flygare L, Quirynen M, van Steenberghe D. Perioperative validation of localisation of the mental foramen. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2002;31(1):39–43.
17. Vujanovic-Eskenazi, A., Valero-James, J.M., Sa´ nchez-Garce´ s, M.A., Gay-Escoda, C., 2015. A retrospective radiographic evaluation of the anterior loop of the mental nerve: comparison between panoramic radiography and cone beam computerized tomography. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal 20 (2), e239.
18. Lipski M, Tomaszewska IM, Lipska W et al. The mandible and its foramen: anatomy, anthropology, embryology and resulting clinical implications. Folia. Morphol. (Wartsz). 72, 285-292 (2013).
19. Hasan T. Characteristics of the mental foramen in different populations. The. Internet. Journal. of. Biological. Anthropology. 4, 1-7 (2010).
20. Ngeow WC, Yuzawati Y. The location of the mental foramen in a selected Malay population. J. Oral. Sci. 45, 171-175 (2003).
21. Parnami P, Gupta D, Arora V, et al. Assessment of the horizontal and vertical position of mental foramen in indian population in terms of age and sex in dentate subjects by panoramic radiographs: a retrospective study with review of literature. Open. Dent. J. 9, 297-302. (2015).
22. Muhsen SJ. Horizontal and vertical position of the mental foramen on panoramic views of a selected Iraqi population. Journal. of. Baghdad. college. of. dentistry. 23, 69-72 (2011).
23. Fishel D, Buchner A, Hershkowith A, Kaffe I. Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 May;41(5):682-6.
24. Mwaniki DL, Hassanali J (1992) The position of mandibular and mental foramina in Kenyan African mandibles. East Afr Med J 69: 210-213.
25. Kekere-Ekun TA (1989) Antero-posterior location of the mental foramen in Nigerians. Afr Dent J 3: 2-8.
26. Ilayperuma I, Nanayakkara G, Palahepitiya N (2009) Morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in adult Sri Lankan mandibles. Int J Morphol 27: 1019-1024.
27. Santini A, Land M (1990) A comparison of the position of the mental foramen in Chinese and British mandibles. Acta Anat (Basel) 137: 208-212.
28. Wang TM, Shih C, Liu JC, Kuo KJ (1986) A clinical and anatomical study of the location of the mental foramen in adult Chinese mandibles. Acta Anat (Basel) 126: 29-33.
29. Kqiku L, Sivic E, Weiglein A, Städtler P. Position of the mental foramen: an anatomical study. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2011 May;161(9-10):272-3.
30. Pria CM, Masood F, Beckerley JM, Carson RE. Study of the inferior alveolar canal and mental foramen on digital panoramic images. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2011 July-Aug;12(4):265-71.
31. Gada SK, Nagda SJ. Assessment of position and bilateral symmetry of occurrence of mental foramen in dentate asian population. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014 Feb;8(2):203-5.
32. Von Arx T, Friedli M, Sendi P, Lozanoff S, Bornstein MM. Location and dimensions of the mental foramen: a radiographic analysis by using cone-beam computed tomography. J Endod. 2013 Dec;39(12):1522-8.
33. Kalender A, Orhan K, Aksoy U. Evaluation of the mental foramen and accessory mental foramen in Turkish patients using cone-beam computed tomography images reconstructed from a volumetric rendering program. Clin Anat. 2012 July;25(5):584-92.
34. Gungor K, Ozturk M, Semiz M, Brooks SL. A radiographic study of location of mental foramen in a selected Turkish population on panoramic radiograph. Coll Anthropol. 2006;30:801-5.
35. Green RM (1987) The position of the mental foramen: a comparison between the southern (Hong Kong) Chinese and other ethnic and racial groups. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 63: 287-290
36. Renaud S, Auffray JC, de la Porte S. Epigenetic effects on the mouse mandible: common features and discrepancies in remodeling due to muscular dystrophy and response to food consistency. BMC. Evol. Biol. 10, 28. (2010).
37. Yeşilyurt H, Aydinlioglu A, Kavakli A, et al. Local differences in the position of the mental foramen. Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2008;67(1):32–35.
38. Siddiqui AU, Daimi SR, Mishra PP, et al. Morphological and morphometric analysis of mental foramen utilizing various assessment parameters in dry human mandibles. Int. J. Stud. Res. 1, 19-22 (2011).
39. Ikiz T, Erem. Relation of the mental foramen to teeth on the mandibles belonging to the Byzantium period. International journal of anthropology.1997;12 :1-4.
40. Mbajiorgu EF, Mawera G, Asala SA, Zivanovic S. Position of the mental foramen in adult black Zimbabwean mandibles: a clinical anatomical study. Cent Afr J Med.1998 ;44:24-30.
41. Taiseer AK,Abed AH, Hamasha KTA. Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population.Surgical and radiologic anatomy.2007;29(3): 231-237.
42. Oliveria J E M,. Arajo, A. L. D, SilvaC. M. F,Sousa R C F, Lima FJC. Morphologicaland morphometric study of the mental foramen on the M-CP-18 jiachenjiang point. Int. J. Morphol. 2009; 27(1):231-238.
43. Luay N. Kaka, Amal R S. Mohammed, Fatin Kh. Abbas. Estimation of the position of mental foramen and its relation to lower premolars and base border of the mandible during aging. J Bagh College Dentistry.2010;22(3):65-68.
44. S.A. Adejuwon, Femi- Akinlosotu, M. Omowunmi and O.T. Salawu, 2012. Variations in the Mandibular Foramina of Yoruba Ethnic Group of Nigeria. Journal of Medical Sciences, 12: 188-192.
45. Sekerci AE, Sahman H, Sisman Y, Aksu Y. Morphometric analysis of the mental foramen in a Turkish population based on multi-slice computed tomography. J Oral Maxillofac Radiol 2013;1:2-7.
46. Zhang L, Zheng Q, Zhou X, Lu Y, Huang D (2015) Anatomic Relationship between Mental Foramen and Peripheral Structures Observed By Cone-Beam Computed Tomography. Anat Physiol 5: 182.
47. Medha Babshet, Sandeep R, Krishna Burde, and Kirty Nandimath, “Evaluation of the Position of Mental Foramen and Its Correlation with Age in Selected Indian Population, Using Digital Panoramic Radiograph.” International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research, vol. 3, no. 4 (2015): 87-91.
48. Saito, Kunihiro, Araújo, Ney Soares de, Saito, Miki Taketomi, Pinheiro, João de Jesus Viana, & Carvalho, Pedro Luiz de. (2015). Analysis of the mental foramen using cone beam computerized tomography. Revista de Odontologia da UNESP, 44(4), 226-231.
49. Soheilifar S, Bidgoli M, Shokri A, Faradmal J, Kafilzadeh S, Eyvazi P, et al. Panoramic radiographic study of mandibular canal and mental foramen in a selected Iranian population. SRM J Res Dent Sci 2016;7:209-13.
50. Currie CC, Meechan JG, Whitworth JM, Carr A, Corbett IP. Determination of the mental foramen position in dental radiographs in 18-30 year olds. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2016;45(1):20150195.
51. Srivastava S, Patil RK, Tripathi A, Khanna V, Sharna P (2017) Evaluation of Mental Foramen in U. P. Population- A CBCT Study. J Otolaryngol ENT Res 8(4): 00253.
52.. Al-Mahalawy H, Al-Aithan H, Al-Kari B, Al-Jandan B, Shujaat S. Determination of the position of mental foramen and frequency of anterior loop in Saudi population. A retrospective CBCT study. Saudi Dent J. 2017;29(1):29–35.
53. SL Kabak, NV Zhuravleva, YM Melnichenko, N Alex. Topography of mental foramen in a selected Belarusian population according to cone beam computed tomography. Imaging in Medicine 9 (3), 49-58
54. Jelena Popović, Marija Daković Bjelaković, Jovanka Gašić, Milan Spasić, Marija Nikolić, Radomir Barac. The mental foramen position in relation to the radiographic apex of the mandibular second premolar. Rad. Applic., 2017, 2, 1, 26–30
55. Pasquali, J. G., Narazaki, N. D., Franco, A., Vieira, I., Fernandes, Â., & de Lima, A. A. Assessing the Radiographic Position of the Mental Forament in a Brazillian Population. J Dent Indones. 2017;24(1): 19-22.
56. Muhannad Abdulrhman Mohammed Halwani, Majed Abdullah Ibn Muteq. Radiographic localization of the mental foramen position in King Khalid University dental clinics patients in Abha-Saudi Arabia. IJMDC. 2017; 1(2): 41-45.
57.Bhagat J, Shah D, Fernandes G. Prevalence of the Mental Foramen Location in an Indian Subpopulation: A Retrospective Orthopantomogram Study. Int J Oral Care Res.2018;6(2):89-92.
58. ALRahabi, M. & Zafar, M. Anatomical variations of mental foramen: a retrospective cross-sectional study. Int. J. Morphol.,36(3):1124-1129, 2018.
59. Ewa Zmyslowska-Polakowska, Mateusz Radwanski, Slawomir Ledzion, Michal Leski, Agnieszka Zmyslowska , and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska. Evaluation of size and location of a mental foramen in the polish population using cone-beam computed tomography. BioMed Research International.2019;p1-8.
60. Khalid M, Manzoor F, Rashid A, Salman S, Khawaja SH Ahmed A. Radiological locations of mental foramen in local population. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2019; 15(3): 114-118.
61. Juodzbalys G, Wang HL, Sabalys G. Anatomy of Mandibular Vital Structures. Part II: Mandibular Incisive Canal, Mental Foramen and Associated Neurovascular Bundles in Relation with Dental Implantology. J Oral Maxillofac Res 2010 (Jan-Mar);1(1):e3
62. Fishel D, Buchner A, Hershkowith A, Kaffe I. Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976 May;41(5):682-6.
Authors
Jasim, H. H. . (2020). Evaluation of Mental Foramen Location – A Review Article. Journal of Medical Care Research and Review, 3(7), 379–385. https://doi.org/10.15520/mcrr.v3i7.107
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